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Strukturní stav půdy jako indikátor dopadu různých způsobů hospodaření v zemědělské krajině
Růžičková, Vladimíra
The aim of this diploma thesis was to evaluate the influence of long-term effects of agrotechnical measures (different intensity of soil tillage, variant crop rotations and organic amendment during long-term continuous cropping of cereals) on coefficient of structure (CS). Observations were made within two long-term stationary field experiments conducted on luvisolic Chernozem soil in a suger-beet production region. During the first experiment conducted between 1989 and 2017, the impact of two crop rotations (with 33.3% and 66.6% representation of cereals) and four variants of soil tillage to winter wheat, spring barley and sugar beet were evaluated. For winter wheat and spring barley, the following soil tillage options were included: 1 – plowing up to 0.22 m; 2 – plowing up to 0.15 m; 3 – direct sowing into uncultivated soil and 4 – shallow soil tillage up to 0.10 m. The variants for sugar beet were: 1 – plowing up to 0.28 m; 2 – plowing up to 0.22 m + hoeing up to 0.40 – 0.45 m; 3 – plowing up to 0.28 m + sowing of a intercrop; 4 – plowing up to 0.22 m + sowing of a intercrop. In the second field experiment conducted between 1977 and 2017, the influence of organic amendment on the long-term continuous cropping of cereals (rotation of winter wheat and spring barley) was evaluated. Three variants of organic amendment were included: 1 – straw harvest; 2 – straw harvest and intercrop production for green manuring and 3 – straw incorporation. Measurement of the coefficient of structure was made in 2017, in the first experiment at the last crop of crop rotations – spring barley, in the second experiment at the spring barley. The influence of the crop rotation on the structural condition of the soil was small, statistically insignificant. On average, slightly higher CS values were recorded in the crop rotation with 66.6% representation of cereals. The influence of soil tillage on CS was statistically significant. The lowest CS value was recorded in variant 1 (plowing to 0.22 m for cereals, plowing to 0.28 m for sugar beet). The highest CS was recorded in variant 3 (direct sowing in to an uncultivated soil for cereals, plowing to 0.28 m and intercrop for sugar beet). The results generally show the beneficial effect of lower soil tillage intensity and growing of frosting crops on the structural state of the soil. Organic amendment has beneficially affected the structural state (CS) only in the upper part of the soil (0 – 0.15 m). Straw incorporation and straw harvest with an intercrop for green manuring had the most favorable influence on the CS. Higher CS values were measured in the top soil layer (0 – 0.15 m) in both field experiments.
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